Parieto-Occipital Injury on Diffusion MRI Correlates with Poor Neurologic Outcome following Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging of the brain provides unbiased neuroanatomic evaluation of brain injury and is useful for neurologic prognostication following cardiac arrest. Regional analysis of diffusion imaging may provide additional prognostic value and help reveal the neuroanatomic underpinnings of coma recovery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate global, regional, and voxelwise differences in diffusion-weighted MR imaging signal in patients in a coma after cardiac arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed diffusion MR imaging data from 81 subjects who were comatose for >48 hours following cardiac arrest. Poor outcome was defined as the inability to follow simple commands at any point during hospitalization. ADC differences between groups were evaluated across the whole brain, locally by using voxelwise analysis and regionally by using ROI-based principal component analysis. RESULTS: Subjects with poor outcome had more severe brain injury as measured by lower average whole-brain ADC (740 [SD, 102] × 10-6 mm2/s versus 833 [SD, 23] × 10-6 mm2/s, P < .001) and larger average volumes of tissue with ADC below 650 × 10-6 mms/s (464 [SD, 469] mL versus 62 [SD, 51] mL, P < .001). Voxelwise analysis showed lower ADC in the bilateral parieto-occipital areas and perirolandic cortices for the poor outcome group. ROI-based principal component analysis showed an association between lower ADC in parieto-occipital regions and poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Brain injury affecting the parieto-occipital region measured with quantitative ADC analysis was associated with poor outcomes after cardiac arrest. These results suggest that injury to specific brain regions may influence coma recovery.

Aproximações entre as antropologias de Cecil Helman e Clifford Geertz / Aproximaciones entre las antropologías de Cecil Helman y Clifford Geertz / Approaches between the anthropologies of Cecil Helman and Clifford Geertz

This article aims to promote conceptual exploration in the literature of Medical Anthropology or Health and Interpretative Anthropology, approaching the perspectives of Clifford JamesGeertz and Cecil Helman. The segmented three-axis approach reflects some perspectives on thekey concepts of culture and ethnography. It was also evident from the impasses generated by theacademic effort of the medical system when studying other care systems, a clear tendency to resortto generalizations, stratigraphic conception and consensus gentium, typical of colonialist ethnography, addressing the ethical commitment and self-reflexivity of the researcher as solution. It endswith an approximation between Cecil Helman's theories on causes of illness and Clifford Geertz'sknowledge and interpretation of the senses, values, behaviors and local knowledge. Therefore, webelieve that the article complements the debates in the area of ethnography, meanings of illness and health, standardized in the Anthropology of Health-disease. (AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo promover la exploración conceptual en la literatura deAntropología Médica o Antropología de la Salud e Interpretativa, reuniendo las perspectivas deClifford James Geertz y Cecil Helman. El enfoque segmentado de tres ejes refleja algunas tivas sobre los conceptos clave de cultura y etnografía. También fue evidente por los impases generados por el esfuerzo académico del sistema médico al estudiar otros sistemas de atención, una claratendencia a recurrir a generalizaciones, concepción estratigráfica y consensus gentium, típico de laetnografía colonialista, abordando el compromiso ético y la autorreflexividad de investigador comosoluciones. Termina con una aproximación entre las teorías de Cecil Helman sobre las causas de laenfermedad y el conocimiento e interpretación de Clifford Geertz de los sentidos, valores, comportamientos y conocimiento local. Por lo tanto, creemos que el artículo complementa los debates en el área de etnografía, sentidos de la enfermedad y salud, estandarizados en la Antropología de la Salud-enfermedad. (AU)

Este artigo tem como objetivo promover exploração conceitual na literatura de Antropologia Médica ou da Saúde e Antropologia Interpretativa, aproximando as perspectivas de CliffordJames Geertz e Cecil Helman. A abordagem segmentada em três eixos reflete algumas perspectivassobre os conceitos-chave cultura e etnografia. Evidenciou-se ainda a partir dos impasses geradospelo esforço acadêmico do sistema médico ao estudar outros sistemas de cuidado, clara tendência arecorrer a generalizações, concepção estratigráfica e consensus gentium, típicos da etnografia colonialista, abordando-se o compromisso ético e a autorreflexividade do pesquisador como soluções.Encerra-se com uma aproximação entre as teorias sobre causas do adoecimento de Cecil Helman eo conhecimento e interpretação dos sentidos, valores, condutas e saber local de Clifford Geertz. Diante disso, acreditamos que o artigo complementa os debates na área da etnografia, sentidos do adoecimento e saúde, estandardizados na Antropologia da Saúde-doença. (AU)

Cadê o viado que tava aqui? O preconceito e a discriminação excluíram da quadra de aula / Where's the fag that was here? Prejudice and discrimination excluded from the classroom / Dónde está el maricón que estaba aquí? Prejuicio y discriminación lo excluyeron de la clase

O presente artigo teve como vocação verificar se o tema homossexualidade é problematizado nas aulas de Educação Física e qual o trabalho desenvolvido pelo professor de Educação Física frente aos alunos homoafetivos. Para tanto, nos apropriamos dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da pesquisa qualitativa do tipo descritiva. Utilizamos a entrevista semiestruturada, que foi realizada com 10 (dez) professores de Educação Física, os quais desenvolvem suas atividades docentes em escolas públicas estaduais da cidade de Teresina ­ PI. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdos proposta por Bardin, com a finalidade de sintetização de categorias de análises. Da análise das falas dos depoentes, foi possível extrair quatro categorias de análise: O homoafetivo invisível nas aulas de Educação Física; A homoafetividade como discurso da recusa; A igualdade que descaracteriza o homoafetivo nas aulas de Educação Física e As escolas de muitos e as aulas de alguns poucos. Encontramos, nas escolas, educadores que se dizem (e se sentem) compromissados com o seu fazer profissional, mas mostram-se cegos para as suas ações, principalmente quando questionados sobre as ações didáticas pedagógicas estabelecidas na quadra de aula junto aos alunos homoafetivos. Portanto, conclui-se a não existência de tratos pedagógicos nas aulas de Educação Física para as atividades corporais referentes à questão da homoafetividade, mesmo com todos os professores verbalizarem ser cientes da presença do homoafetivo em suas aulas. Ao contrário, o que ficou evidente foi um discurso da igualdade que descaracteriza o aluno homoafetivo no decorrer das aulas.

The present article had the vocation to verify if the homosexuality theme is problematized in Physical Education classes and what is the work developed by the Physical Education teacher in front of homo-affective students. Therefore, we appropriate the theoretical and methodological assumptions of qualitative research of the descriptive type. We used the semi-structured interview, which was carried out with 10 (ten) Physical Education teachers, who develop their teaching activities in state public schools in the city of Teresina - PI. The collected data were submitted to the thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin, in order to synthesize categories of analysis. From the analysis of the statements of the interviewees, it was possible to extract four categories of analysis: The invisible homoaffective in Physical Education classes; Homo-affection as a discourse of refusal; The equality that mischaracterizes the homoaffective in Physical Education classes and the schools of many and the classes of a few. In schools, we find educators who say (and feel) committed to their professional practice, but are blind to their actions, especially when asked about the pedagogical didactic actions established in the classroom with homo-affective students. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no pedagogical treatment in Physical Education classes for body activities related to the issue of homoaffection, even with all teachers verbalizing being aware of the presence of homoaffective in their classes. On the contrary, what was evident was a discourse of equality that mischaracterizes the homoaffective student during the classes.

El presente artículo tenía la vocación de verificar si el tema de la homosexualidad se problematiza en las clases de Educación Física y cuál es el trabajo desarrollado por el maestro de Educación Física frente a los estudiantes homo-afectivos. Para eso, nos apropiamos de los supuestos teóricos y metodológicos de la investigación cualitativa del tipo descriptivo. Utilizamos la entrevista semiestructurada, que se realizó con 10 (diez) maestros de Educación Física, que desarrollan sus actividades de enseñanza en las escuelas públicas estatales de la ciudad de Teresina - PI. Los datos recopilados se sometieron al análisis de contenido temático propuesto por Bardin, con el fin de sintetizar categorías de análisis. A partir del análisis de las declaraciones de los entrevistados, fue posible extraer cuatro categorías de análisis: el homoafectivo invisible en las clases de educación física; El afecto como discurso de rechazo; Igualdad que caracteriza erróneamente la eficacia de las clases de educación física y las escuelas de muchos y las clases de unos pocos. En las escuelas, encontramos educadores que dicen (y se sienten) comprometidos con su práctica profesional, pero que son ciegos a sus acciones, especialmente cuando se les pregunta sobre las acciones didácticas pedagógicas establecidas en el aula con estudiantes homo-afectivos. Por lo tanto, se concluye que no existe un tratamiento pedagógico en las clases de Educación Física para las actividades corporales relacionadas con el tema de la homosexualidad, incluso cuando todos los maestros verbalizan estar conscientes de la presencia de homoafectivos en sus clases. Por el contrario, lo que era evidente era un discurso de igualdad que caracteriza erróneamente al estudiante efectivo durante las clases.

Nutritional value and antioxidant compounds during the ripening and after domestic cooking of bananas and plantains.

Genotypes of bananas and plantains have been studied for biofortification purposes, mainly due to content of resistant starch (RS) and polyphenols. This study aims to identify banana and plantain genotypes with a high content of resistant starch, phenolic compounds and minerals, and to evaluate the impact of the ripening stage and domestic thermal processing to select superior genotypes with high levels of functional compounds. In this study, it was used bunches of bananas and plantain genotypes. The phenolic compounds profiles were determined by HPLC-DAD in pulps and peels. The resistant starch and the minerals (K, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe) were evaluated in pulps and peels of unripe fruit. The results of phenolic compounds were studied in three ripening stages, and after thermal processing (ripe stage) of two genotypes, which were most promising for biofortification studies. Resistant starch and minerals were analysed in the unripe fruits. The peel biomass showed the highest values of phenolic compounds and minerals. The total starch content in the pulp varied from 42.3% ('FC06-02') to 80.6% ('Pelipita'). Plantains and cooking bananas presented the highest contents of starch and resistant starch (stage 2 - green with yellow traces). The pulps of the dessert genotypes 'Khai' and 'Ouro da Mata', and cooking genotype 'Pacha Nadam' stood out due to their minerals high contents (P, K and Fe; Zn and Fe; Ca, Mg and Zn, respectively). The dessert bananas (e.g., 'Ney Poovan') and cooking bananas (e.g., 'Tiparot') had the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds, mainly in ripe fruit (stage 5 - yellow with green). In addition, the thermal processing of Musa spp. fruit led to increasing these secondary metabolites, mainly the cooking of fruit with peel by boiling, which should be preferred in domestic preparations.

Development of a thematic collection of Musa spp accessions using SCAR markers for preventive breeding against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense tropical race 4.

Bananas are one of the most consumed fruits worldwide, but are affected by many pests and diseases. One of the most devastating diseases is Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense (Foc). Recently, Fusarium tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) has been causing irreparable damage, especially in Asia and Africa where it has devastated entire plantations, including areas with Cavendish, which is known to be resistant to Foc race 1. Although this race is not yet present in Brazil, results obtained by Embrapa in partnership with the University of Wageningen, The Netherlands, indicate that 100% of the cultivars used by Brazilian growers are susceptible to Foc TR 4. In our study, 276 banana accessions were screened with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers that have been linked to the resistance of Foc TR 4. Two SCAR primers were tested and the results revealed that SCAR ScaU1001 was efficient at discriminating accessions with possible resistance in 36.6% of the evaluated accessions. This is the first attempt to develop a thematic collection of possible Foc TR 4 resistant banana accessions in Brazil, which could be tested in Asian or African countries to validate marker-assisted selection (MAS), and for use in the preventive breeding of the crop to safeguard our banana plantations against Foc TR 4. We believe that this is an important step towards the prevention of this devastating disease, especially considering that our banana plantations are at risk.

Avaliação do conhecimento e percepção dos profissionais da estratégia de saúde da família sobre o uso de plantas medicinais e fitoterapia em Petrolina-PE, Brasil / Knowledge assessment and perception of professionals of the family health strategy on the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapy in Petrolina, PE, Brazil

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou verificar se os profissionais de nível superior, ligados a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) do Município de Petrolina-PE percebem a importância, utilização e indicações de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de caráter exploratório e descritivo, no qual participaram 96 profissionais de nível superior locados em Unidades da ESF. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista individual utilizando questionário semiestruturado. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste Pearson Qui quadrado. As plantas medicinais mais citadas foram o Boldo (Plectranthus barbatus A.) e a Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.). Os fitoterápicos foram indicados apenas por 5 (5,2%) médicos e os mais citados foram Guaco® e Maracugina®. 36 (37,5%) dos profissionais acham que não estão preparados para repassar as informações sobre o uso de plantas medicinais e apenas 35 (36,5%) se sentem preparados para prescrever fitoterápicos. Observa-se a necessidade de capacitação e motivação desses profissionais para a utilização correta e segura das Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterapia.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine if the top-level professionals of the Strategy of Health of the Family, perceive the importance, use and indications of phytotherapy and Medicinal Plants. This is a cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study, with the participation 96 professionals serving in the family health strategy units. Data were collected through individual interviews in a semi-structured questionnaire. For statistical analysis, we used the Pearson Chi-square test. The most cited medicinal plants were the Boldo (Plectranthus barbatus A.) and Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). The phytotherapics were indicated only for 5 (5.2%) physicians and the most cited were Guaco® and Maracugina®. 36 (37.5%) of the professionals think are not prepared to pass on the information about the use of medicinal plants and only 35 (36.5%) feel prepared to prescribe phytotherapy. One observes the need for training and motivation of these professionals for the correct and safe use of Medicinal Plants and phytotherapy.

Estudo da ação da romã (Punica granatum L. ) na cicatrização de úlceras induzidas por queimadura em dorso de língua de ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) / Pomegranate action study (Punica granatum L. ) for the healing of ulcers induced by burns to the dorso-lingual mucosa in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi observar a ação da romã (Punica granatum L.) em estomatites induzidas por queimaduras no dorso da língua de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar machos adultos, provenientes do Biotério da UNIVASF. Foram formados quatro grupos (G1: Polpa da romã por gavagem; G2: Polpa da romã por gavagem + aplicação local do chá da casca do fruto; G3: aplicação local do chá da casca do fruto e G4: Controle negativo). As queimaduras foram confeccionadas com instrumental odontológico padrão. Os tratamentos foram realizados duas vezes ao dia, durante 14 dias. Metade dos animais de cada grupo (n=3) foi eutanasiada no sétimo dia de experimentação, enquanto o restante foi eutanasiado no 14º dia. As línguas foram removidas e fixadas com formaldeído a 10% tamponado, processadas com cortes de 5 µm e coradas em HE. Clinicamente, os animais do grupo G2 tiveram melhores resultados. Na análise histológica qualitativa foi avaliada a reepitelização e os graus de inflamação numa escala de 0 a 4. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Houve significância estatística (p=0,026 e p=0,023) quando se comparou o tratamento com os graus de reepitelização e inflamação nos quatro grupos estudados. O grupo G2 apresentou cicatrização completa com 14 dias. Os piores escores obtidos foram atribuídos ao Grupo G4 nos dois parâmetros de avaliação qualitativa. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que a romã (Punica granatum L.) possui ação cicatrizante na mucosa lingual de ratos Wistar.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to observe the action of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) on stomatitis induced burns on the dorso-lingual musosa in Wistar rats. Twenty-four male, adult Wister albino rats were used, from the bioterium of UNIVASF. There were four groups (G1: Pomegranate juice by gavage; G2: Pomegranate juice by gavage + local application of fruit peel tea; G3: Local application of fruit peel tea only and G4: a negative control). The burns were made with standard dental instruments. The treatments were performed twice a day for 14 days. Half the animals in each group (n = 3) were euthanized on the seventh day of experimentation, while the remainder were euthanized on day 14. The tongues were removed and fixed with a 10% formaldehyde buffer, processed as 5µm sections and stained with HE. Clinically the animals treated with tea showed better healing. For statistical analysis the Pearson chi-squared test was used. There was a statistical significance (p = 0.026 and p = 0.023) when compared to treatment with the degree of re-epithelialization and inflammation of the four groups studied. The G2 group showed complete healing within 14 days. The worst scores were found in the G4 group in both qualitative assessment parameters. Based on these results, it was observed that pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has a healing action on the lingual mucosa of Wistar rats.

Genetic dissimilarity and selection of putative mutants of Terra Maranhão plantain cultivar using the Ward-MLM strategy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and select putative mutants of Terra Maranhão plantain cultivar (AAB genome) subjected to gamma radiation based on agronomic data and inter simple sequence repeat molecular marker profiles using the Ward-MLM strategy. A total of 233 irradiated plants and 41 controls were assessed. The agronomic and molecular data were subjected to the Ward-MLM statistical algorithm in the SAS program. Cluster analysis was performed by the average distance method (UPGMA), based on the distance matrix of the Gower algorithm, and the cophenetic correlation coefficient calculated using the R software. The distance between the putative mutants ranged from 0.321 to 0.524, with an average distance of 0.426, and a cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.79. Three putative mutants, which were selected based on the best agronomic traits and low height, will undergo further evaluation in the next stages of the banana breeding program at Embrapa. These results describe the first attempt of using combined data of Terra Maranhão plantain cultivar for the purpose of selecting mutants and assessing genetic variability.

Desensitization Before Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in Highly HLA-Sensitized Patients: A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation in highly sensitized patients represents a major clinical challenge leading to long periods on the waiting list. When a living donor is available, the use of different strategies to desensitize recipients with preformed human leukocyte antigen antibodies can allow a successful transplantation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study including all living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) with desensitization (DS) from 2008 to 2014 in our transplant unit. The rates of rejection and graft survival were evaluated. DS consisted of plasma exchange (PE), rituximab (RTX), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) induction with thymoglobulin and maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus, corticosteroids, and mycophenolate mofetil. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2014, we performed 368 LDKT, with 31 receiving desensitization. Seven cases from a clinical trial were excluded. Demographic data and outcomes were recorded. All of the patients received RTX + PE + IVIG. DS was performed for positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity cross-match (4.2%), T-cell- and/or B-cell-positive flow cytometry cross-match (87.5%) and presence of donor-specific antibodies alone (8.3%). We identified 23 episodes of rejection in 12 patients (50%); 79% were antibody-mediated rejections (AMR). Graft failure was 12.5%, with a mean time to graft loss of 229 ± 203 days. Mean follow-up was 37 ± 27 months, and graft survival was 91% and 86% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Desensitization in LDKT appears to offer an acceptable option for highly sensitized patients. In our series, 41% presented an AMR and 12.5% showed transplant glomerulopathy in protocol and/or indication biopsies. However, short-term outcomes and graft survival were satisfactory.

Evaluation of microsatellite loci from libraries derived from the wild diploid 'Calcutta 4' and 'Ouro' banana cultivars.

Microsatellite markers have been widely used in the quantification of genetic variability and for genetic breeding in Musa spp. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the discriminatory power of microsatellite markers derived from 'Calcutta 4' and 'Ouro' genomic libraries, and to analyze the genetic variability among 30 banana accessions. Thirty-eight markers were used: 15 from the 'Ouro' library and 23 from the 'Calcutta 4' library. Genetic diversity was evaluated by considering SSR markers as both dominant markers because of the presence of triploid accessions, and co-dominant markers. For the dominant analysis, polymorphism information content (PIC) values for 44 polymorphic markers ranged from 0.063 to 0.533, with a mean value of 0.24. A dendrogram analysis separated the BGB-Banana accessions into 4 groups: the 'Ouro' and 'Muísa Tia' accessions were the most dissimilar (93% dissimilarity), while the most similar accessions were 'Pacovan' and 'Walha'. The mean genetic distance between samples was 0.74. For the analysis considering SSR markers as co-dominants, using only diploid accessions, two groups were separated based on their genome contents (A and B). The PIC values for the markers from the 'Calcutta 4' library varied from 0.4836 to 0.7886, whereas those from the 'Ouro' library ranged from 0.3800 to 0.7521. Given the high PIC values, the markers from both the libraries showed high discriminatory power, and can therefore be widely applied for analysis of genetic diversity, population structures, and linkage mapping in Musa spp.

Estimation of genetic structure of a Mycosphaerella musicola population using inter-simple sequence repeat markers.

Among the diseases affecting banana (Musa sp), yellow Sigatoka, caused by the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola Leach, is considered one of the most important in Brazil, causing losses throughout the year. Understanding the genetic structure of pathogen populations will provide insight into the life history of pathogens, including the evolutionary processes occurring in agrosystems. Tools for estimating the possible emergence of pathogen variants with altered pathogenicity, virulence, or aggressiveness, as well as resistance to systemic fungicides, can also be developed from such data. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and population genetics of M. musicola in the main banana-producing regions in Brazil. A total of 83 isolates collected from different banana cultivars in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, and Minas Gerais were evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. High variability was detected between the isolates, and 85.5% of the haplotypes were singletons in the populations. The highest source of genetic diversity (97.22%) was attributed to variations within populations. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed the presence of 2 probable ancestral groups, however, showed no relationship to population structure in terms of collection site, state of origin, or cultivar. Similarly, we detected noevidence of genetic recombination between individuals within different states, indicating that asexual cycles play a major role in M. musicola reproduction and that long-distance dispersal of the pathogen is the main factor contributing to the lack of population structure in the fungus.

Selection of putative Terra Maranhão plantain cultivar mutants obtained by gamma radiation.

The aim of this study was to select putative Terra Maranhão plantain cultivar mutants obtained by gamma radiation, with good agronomic traits and short height. A total of 315 buds were irradiated in vitro with gamma rays in doses of 20 Gy and were subcultivated and evaluated in the field over 2 production cycles. The clones were evaluated to select the best 10% of the plants. Cultivation was undertaken at a spacing of 3 x 4 m, and fertilization was carried out according to the technical recommendations for the crop. A total of 111 irradiated plants and 41 controls were evaluated in the field. Among the irradiated plants selected, genotypes that exhibited reduced height were observed. The genotypes Irra 04, Irra 13, Irra 19, and Irra 21 exhibited a height of 3.6 m, which was below the mean value of the controls selected. Other irradiated genotypes selected such as Irra 14 and Irra 16, with a height of 3.65 m, are promising because, in addition to reduced height, they exhibited good bunch weight and shorter period to flowering in relation to the mean value of the controls, which is a significant factor for the next stages in breeding. These results confirm the possibility of inducing mutations in Terra type banana plants to obtain desirable agronomic traits and short height.

Wastewater and greywater reuse on irrigation in centralized and decentralized systems--an integrated approach on water quality, energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

Wastewater and greywater have different scales of end-uses in irrigation in Portugal. Wastewater is treated in a central wastewater treatment plant and reused in public/private large areas of irrigation, like agriculture, public gardens and golf courses. On the contrary, greywater reuse is generally applied in in situ small scales, treated and used in the same place, generally in the production site. The main aim of this paper is to compare the two types of systems: a wastewater centralized reuse system (WWCRS) and a greywater decentralized reuse system (GWDRS) in terms of water quality, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this paper, the main characteristics of both streams are presented and the degree of treatment required in each stream is analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of its reuse in different scales, in terms of water quality, energy consumption and CO2 emissions are discussed. A methodology to calculate the energy consumptions and CO2 emissions related to wastewater treatment that may be applied in different cases is presented. A hypothetical example of the two systems: one referring to a WWCRS and the other to a GWDRS is presented. The energy consumption and the CO2 emissions are analyzed and compared. The WWCRS needs a higher degree of treatment and so it spends more energy and leads to more CO2 emissions to the environment than the GWDRS that consumed between 11.8 and 37.5% of the energy consumed in the WWCRS considering the same number of inhabitants served.

Validação de metodologia analítica para determinação de taninos pelo método de difusão radial / Validation of the analytical methodology for the determination of tannins by radial diffusion method

A metodologia para doseamento de taninos através de difusão radial desenvolvido por Hagerman (1987) vem sendo utilizada em laboratórios de fitoterápicos devido, principalmente, à sua simplicidade de execução, rapidez e baixo custo; contudo, não há relato na literatura sobre a submissão desta metodologia a um estudo de validação. Baseando-se neste fato, o presente estudo visou validar a metodologia de Difusão Radial para o doseamento de taninos. Todos os parâmetros obrigatórios exigidos pela ANVISA foram avaliados. O método foi considerado linear e com alta sensibilidade de quantificação (27,72 µg/poço). Mostrou-se também robusto e com recuperação aceitável (85,96%). Os resultados obtidos para repetibilidade (intra-corrida) e precisão intermediária (inter-corridas), certificaram a precisão do método, obtendo-se valores entre 1,89 e 7,03%. Para a exatidão, valores entre 100,47 e 105,26% foram obtidos, os quais se encontram dentro dos limites preconizados pela ANVISA. O método foi considerado preciso, exato e reprodutível, além de ser de fácil execução e de baixo custo.

The method to determine tannins by radial diffusion developed by Hagerman (1987) has been explicitly used in herbal laboratories mainly because of its simplicity to implement, speed and low cost; yet, there are no reports in the literature on the submission of this method to a validation study. Based on this fact, this study sought to validate the method of Radial Diffusion in the tannin determination. All mandatory parameters required by ANVISA were evaluated. The method was considered linear and with high sensitivity quantitation (27.72 µg / well). It also showed robust and acceptable recovery (85.96%). The results obtained for repeatability (within-run) and intermediate precision (inter-run) certified the accuracy of the method, obtaining values between 1.89 and 7.03%. For accuracy, values between 100.47 and 105.26% were obtained, which is within the limits recommended by ANVISA. Thus, the method was considered as precise, accurate and reproducible, and is easy to perform and inexpensive.

Descriptor selection for banana accessions based on univariate and multivariate analysis.

Our objective was to establish a minimum number of morphological descriptors for the characterization of banana germplasm and evaluate the efficiency of removal of redundant characters, based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Phenotypic characterization was made of 77 accessions from Bahia, Brazil, using 92 descriptors. The selection of the descriptors was carried out by principal components analysis (quantitative) and by entropy (multi-category). Efficiency of elimination was analyzed by a comparative study between the clusters formed, taking into consideration all 92 descriptors and smaller groups. The selected descriptors were analyzed with the Ward-MLM procedure and a combined matrix formed by the Gower algorithm. We were able to reduce the number of descriptors used for characterizing the banana germplasm (42%). The correlation between the matrices considering the 92 descriptors and the selected ones was 0.82, showing that the reduction in the number of descriptors did not influence estimation of genetic variability between the banana accessions. We conclude that removing these descriptors caused no loss of information, considering the groups formed from pre-established criteria, including subgroup/subspecies.

Potential of visible-near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for analysis of some constituents of coffee and banana residues.

Banana (stalk, leaf, rhizome, rachis and stem) and coffee (leaf and husks) residues are promising feedstock for fuel and chemical production. In this work we show the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and multivariate analysis to replace reference methods in the characterization of some constituents of coffee and banana residues. The evaluated parameters were Klason lignin (KL), acid soluble lignin (ASL), total lignin (TL), extractives, moisture, ash and acid insoluble residue (AIR) contents of 104 banana residues (B) and 102 coffee (C) residues from Brazil. PLS models were built for banana (B), coffee (C) and pooled samples (B+C). The precision of NIR methodology was better (p<0.05) than the reference method for almost all the parameters, being worse for moisture. With the exception of ash (B and C) and ASL (C) content, which was predicted poorly (R(2)<0.80), the models for all the analytes exhibited R(2)>0.80. The range error ratios varied from 4.5 to 16.0. Based on the results of external validation, the statistical tests and figures of merit, NIR spectroscopy proved to be useful for chemical prediction of banana and coffee residues and can be used as a faster and more economical alternative to the standard methodologies.

New microsatellite markers for bananas (Musa spp).

Thirty-four microsatellite markers (SSRs) were identified in EST and BAC clones from Musa acuminata burmannicoides var. Calcutta 4 and validated in 22 Musa genotypes from the Banana Germplasm Bank of Embrapa-CNPMF, which includes wild and improved diploids. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 14. The markers were considered highly informative based on their polymorphism information content values; more than 50% were above 0.5. These SSRs will be useful for banana breeding programs, for studies of genetic diversity, germplasm characterization and selection, development of saturated genetic linkage maps, and marker assisted selection.